Periodontal
(gum disease)

Swollen gums

Gums appear bright red, dark red, or purplish

Tenderness in the gums

Gums bleed easily

Toothbrush appears slightly pink after brushing

Bleeding when brushing or flossing

Bad breath

Pus between teeth and gums

Loose or missing teeth

Pain while chewing

Formation of new gaps or widening of existing gaps

Gum recession exposing parts of the tooth root, making teeth appear longer than normal

Accumulation of dental plaque (e.g., patients wearing dentures or specific orthodontic appliances for long periods)

Tartar buildup

Misaligned teeth, making them difficult to clean

Smoking

Stress (mental stress can reduce the body’s ability to fight disease)

Hormonal changes during pregnancy (During pregnancy, hormonal changes may cause an allergic-like reaction to toxins from dental plaque, making the gums prone to redness and bleeding)

Having systemic diseases such as diabetes, leukemia, or HIV

Taking certain medications, e.g., antihypertensive drugs (These medications can easily cause gum swelling, redness, and inflammation)